International
Later White City excursion career, before 1913
An interpretive 3D reconstruction of the vessel afloat, in the form named above and from before its loss in Keweenaw Bay. It is informed by the historical record set out under History below, where the documented evidence and the interpretation are kept apart; rigging, colours and fittings are partly inferred. It is not a survey of the wreck.
Nobody knows the exact spot where this ship went down, so the marker shows the general area.
Starboard bow · complete vessel · drag to rotate, scroll or pinch to zoom, right-drag to pan. Hiding a part shows what sat beneath it; it does not recreate the wreck.
What the model represents
From the model specification. Two lists, kept apart on purpose.
Documented
- The vessel history gives an 1889 Buffalo wooden screw steamer, 80.8×26.4×7.4 ft. Brendon Baillod — International / White City history and two historical views
- Historical views document an earlier International and later expanded White City passenger configuration. Brendon Baillod — International / White City history and two historical views
Inferred
- Underwater hull lines and draft
- Exact colors, fittings, hatch layout and rigging routes
Configuration caveat. Historical photographs guide the two passenger levels, galleries and single funnel. This selects the later White City form; superstructure changed after arrival in the Keweenaw. Roofs, seating, hidden cabin divisions and colors are interpreted. No sailing rig is asserted.
Two numbers that are not the same thing. The waterline toggle sits at 1.80 m above the keel, a display assumption, not a measured draft. The wreck lies in about 10 ft of water; that describes the site, not the ship.
Renders from the model
History, evidence and limits
The research notes behind the reconstruction, reproduced with their citations.
Version 1.1. Metadata and presentation revised September 8, 2026; original evidence review retained.
Selected appearance
Later White City excursion career, before 1913. Historical photographs guide the two passenger levels, galleries and single funnel. This selects the later White City form; superstructure changed after arrival in the Keweenaw. Roofs, seating, hidden cabin divisions and colors are interpreted. No sailing rig is asserted.
Documented evidence
The vessel history gives an 1889 Buffalo wooden screw steamer, 80.8×26.4×7.4 ft. Brendon Baillod — International / White City history and two historical views
Historical views document an earlier International and later expanded White City passenger configuration. Brendon Baillod — International / White City history and two historical views
Reasonable interpretation
Underwater hull lines and draft
Exact colors, fittings, hatch layout and rigging routes
The later excursion configuration under the name White City is selected while retaining the canonical wreck name International. Baillod records an 1889 Buffalo wooden steamer measuring 80.8 × 26.4 × 7.4 ft, with a single screw and a 1913 fire. His page includes both an earlier International photograph credited to BGSU's Historical Collections of the Great Lakes and a later White City view. The latter supports the broad hull, stacked passenger levels, open galleries, forward elevated wheelhouse and single funnel. Additional superstructure was fitted during its Keweenaw career.
Unresolved uncertainties
No complete original lines plan is claimed. Exact loaded draft, concealed surfaces and fine fittings remain interpreted. The earlier research context below retains the source distinctions used for this reconstruction.
The surviving views constrain the general silhouette rather than every cabin partition. Gallery seating, roof structure, boat fittings, handrails, hidden side windows, anchor gear, staff heights and exact hull lines are interpreted. The small upper pilothouse follows the later view; the result does not purport to be the original 1889 arrangement. Colors and loaded draft are unknown. Short staffs are not a sailing rig. The canopy toggle removes the roof and roof-carried boat to expose the upper deck, as an inspection aid.
The dates of individual refits and all dimensions of the added superstructure remain uncertain. The historical account warns that nearby Pilgrim remains have been mistaken for International. This reconstruction does not authenticate a wreck association, certify coordinates or upgrade map confidence. Its selected career configuration must remain visible when published.
Sources
Illustration conditions
Lake, shoreline, lighting and weather are artistic staging, not evidence of a specific historical voyage. AI artwork is supplemental; the GLB and direct renders establish the delivered geometry.
Sources used for the model
- Brendon Baillod — International / White City history and two historical views — source
Rights and respect
Removing or disturbing wreckage on Great Lakes bottomlands is a felony under Michigan Part 761, 1994 PA 451, at a fair market value of $100 or more. Positions are historical reference only — not navigation and not dive-planning data. Wreck records are published by the Michigan Underwater Preserve Council.
Treat these as graves. Lives were lost on many Great Lakes wrecks and human remains may still be present. Look, photograph, and leave everything exactly as you found it.
Model and renders were newly made for this project (2026). Three.js r160.1 is used under the MIT licence; its notice ships with the vendored files. Wreck position, depth and dates: Michigan Underwater Preserve Council. The model specification (version 1.1, revised 2026-09-08) is published beside the assets (model-spec.json).